Indoxyl sulfate

Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin produced when gut bacteria break down the amino acid tryptophan into indole, which is then absorbed and transformed into indoxyl sulfate in the liver. While small amounts are typically eliminated through the kidneys, elevated levels may suggest impaired detoxification, dysbiosis, or kidney stress. Indoxyl sulfate has been associated with oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction—particularly in people with reduced kidney function. It acts as a marker of both microbial activity and the body’s capacity to process and remove metabolic waste.

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Description

What is indoxyl sulfate?

It is a compound produced from the bacterial breakdown of tryptophan in the gut. After absorption, it is processed in the liver and then eliminated by the kidneys.

Why is indoxyl sulfate important?

High levels are deemed harmful because of their pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative effects, particularly on kidney and cardiovascular health.

What causes increased indoxyl sulfate levels?

Common causes include gut dysbiosis, protein-heavy diets, impaired liver sulfation pathways, and decreased kidney clearance.

How can indoxyl sulfate levels be reduced?

Supporting gut health with prebiotics and probiotics, reducing protein overload, and enhancing liver and kidney detoxification can help lower levels.

Content
What is indoxyl sulfate?
Why is indoxyl sulfate important?
What causes increased indoxyl sulfate levels?
How can indoxyl sulfate levels be reduced?
What is indoxyl sulfate?
Why is indoxyl sulfate important?
What causes increased indoxyl sulfate levels?
How can indoxyl sulfate levels be reduced?
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