Hormones

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein primarily produced by the liver that binds and transports sex steroids—mainly testosterone and estradiol—in the bloodstream. By binding these hormones, SHBG controls how much is biologically available to tissues. Higher SHBG levels typically decrease the free (unbound) fraction of testosterone and estradiol, while lower SHBG levels increase it. Due to this regulatory function, SHBG plays a key role in hormonal balance for both men and women and is often measured alongside total testosterone and estradiol to help with interpretation.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

Free testosterone refers to the fraction of testosterone in the bloodstream that is not bound to proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. Unlike bound testosterone, free testosterone is biologically active and readily available to interact with cells, making it a key indicator of hormonal activity in the body. It plays a vital role in regulating libido, energy levels, muscle strength, and mood in both men and women.

Testosterone (free)

The Testosterone/Cortisol ratio reflects the balance between anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes in the body. Testosterone supports muscle growth, energy, and recovery, while cortisol is a stress hormone that can promote tissue breakdown when chronically elevated. A healthy ratio may indicate good resilience, recovery capacity, and hormonal balance, whereas a low ratio may suggest high stress load, overtraining, or hormonal imbalance. This marker is particularly relevant for athletes, individuals under chronic stress, or those with fatigue-related symptoms. It helps provide context to both testosterone and cortisol values when interpreted together.

Testosterone/Cortisol ratio

Free Cortisol refers to the unbound, biologically active form of cortisol circulating in the body. Unlike total cortisol, which includes both bound and unbound hormone, free cortisol represents the fraction that is available to tissues and can directly influence stress response, metabolism, immune function, and energy levels. Measuring free cortisol provides a more accurate reflection of how the body is responding to physical and emotional stress. It is commonly assessed in urine or saliva samples and is particularly relevant in evaluating adrenal function and circadian rhythm imbalances.

Cortisol (free)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in reproduction for both men and women. In women, FSH prompts the ovaries to mature egg follicles, while in men, it supports sperm production. FSH levels fluctuate throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle and are vital for fertility and overall reproductive health.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates thyroid function. It signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, which are essential for metabolism, energy regulation, and growth. TSH levels provide important information for diagnosing thyroid disorders and assessing whether the thyroid is functioning properly.

Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system, mainly produced in the ovaries after ovulation. It prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps sustain it if conception occurs, while a decline in progesterone triggers menstruation. Beyond reproduction, progesterone affects sexual desire, mood, and bone health. During pregnancy, the placenta produces progesterone to support fetal development and prepare for breastfeeding. In men, progesterone is present at lower levels and contributes to sperm production.

Progesterone

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and serves as a precursor to sex hormones. Measuring DHEA in saliva reflects the body’s active hormone levels, offering insight into immediate DHEA production. This measurement is helpful for evaluating adrenal health, aging, and the risk of chronic diseases.

DHEA

Melatonin is a hormone mainly produced by the pineal gland in the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulating the body’s internal clock, including the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin levels naturally increase in the evening, reach their peak overnight, and decrease by morning, helping signal the body to get ready for rest. It also supports other functions such as immune response and antioxidant protection.

Melatonin

DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) is the more stable and abundant form of DHEA found in the blood. Measuring DHEA-S levels provides a longer-term indicator of DHEA status, aiding in the assessment of hormonal balance, adrenal gland function, and age-related hormonal changes.

DHEA-S

Free Thyroxine (fT4) is a vital thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland, playing a crucial role in metabolism, brain development, and bone health. It acts as the precursor to the active hormone fT3. Measuring fT4 offers insight into thyroid function by reflecting the hormone that is directly released and available for conversion.

Free T4 (fT4)

Estrogen is a primary sex hormone found in both women and men, though at varying levels. In women, it supports the development and regulation of the reproductive system, menstrual cycle, and secondary sexual characteristics, while also affecting bone health, skin, and mood. In men, it contributes to libido, erectile function, and sperm production. It is primarily produced in the ovaries for women and the testes for men. Estrogen levels naturally fluctuate during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause. Imbalances can lead to menstrual irregularities, mood changes, and other health issues.

Estrogen (estradiol)

Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is commonly known as the “stress hormone.” It plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and the body’s ability to handle physical and emotional stress. Cortisol follows a daily cycle, peaking early in the morning to help promote alertness and gradually decreasing throughout the day. Measuring total cortisol in the blood reflects the combined levels of free and protein-bound cortisol, offering insight into adrenal function and overall hormone balance. Abnormal cortisol levels may be linked to conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, chronic stress, or metabolic disorders.

Cortisol (total)

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland primarily associated with lactation in women. It also plays key roles in fertility, immune system regulation, and sexual satisfaction. Elevated prolactin levels can cause symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles or infertility, while low levels may affect milk production after childbirth.

Prolactin

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in both male and female health. In men, it is primarily produced in the testes and is vital for the development of male reproductive tissues, promoting muscle growth, body hair, libido, and mood regulation. In women, testosterone is produced in smaller quantities by the ovaries and adrenal glands, where it supports bone strength, ovarian function, and sexual desire.

Testosterone (total)

Free Triiodothyronine (fT3) is a measurement that indicates the level of the active thyroid hormone available in the body. As one of the two main thyroid hormones, fT3 plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. Unlike total T3, fT3 represents the unbound hormone that is immediately available for use, making it an important marker of thyroid function.

Free T3 (fT3)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in reproductive health for both men and women. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports the menstrual cycle by stimulating progesterone production. In men, it promotes testosterone production in the testes. Maintaining balanced LH levels is important for proper hormonal regulation and reproductive function.

Luteinizing Hormone

The estrogen/progesterone (E/P) ratio is a measurement that indicates the balance between two essential hormones in the body — estrogen (E) and progesterone (P). Both hormones are crucial for female reproductive health, including the regulation of menstrual cycles, fertility, mood, and overall wellness. Maintaining an optimal ratio promotes hormonal balance, while imbalances may lead to various health concerns. This ratio naturally varies throughout the menstrual cycle and can be affected by factors such as age, lifestyle, and medical conditions.

Estrogen/Progesterone ratio

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Men&rsquo;s Hormone Test by GetTested, is for those seeking an in-depth understanding of their hormonal health. This saliva-based test analyzes key hormones such as testosterone, DHEA, cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone. Tailored for men, it offers crucial insights into both sex hormones and adrenal hormones. Understanding these hormone levels can be vital in assessing various health aspects, including energy levels, mood stability, and overall physical well-being.
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Women&rsquo;s Hormone Test analyses cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA, and the ratio between estrogen and progesterone. Many women today face challenges with PMS, infertility, fatigue, irregular periods, PCOS, menopausal symptoms, and more. This test offers a detailed understanding of both your sex hormones and adrenal hormones, providing insights into various health issues.
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GetTested&rsquo;s Estrogen &amp; Progesterone Test measures the absolute levels and the ratio between these two hormones. Hormonal imbalances, particularly in women, are unfortunately common today. Typical symptoms include PMS, menstrual cramps, irregular menstruation, and tender breasts, among others. By measuring estrogen, progesterone, and their ratio, this test helps identify potential imbalances, enabling targeted hormonal support.
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Estrogen Hormone Functions | Women's & Men's Health

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Estrogen regulates the female reproductive system and affects skin, bones, and mood. It also plays a role in men’s libido and fertility, with fluctuating levels

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Testing estrogen levels is useful for women with menopausal symptoms, fertility issues, or conditions like PCOS, as it helps in managing these issues. It&rsquo;s also important for individuals undergoing hormone therapy, including transgender individuals and breast cancer patients, to monitor treatment effects. Additionally, postmenopausal women concerned about osteoporosis may benefit from such testing, as estrogen impacts bone density.

Who would benefit from testing their estrogen levels?

Free and total estrogen are two measures of estrogen levels in the body. Total estrogen accounts for all estrogen, including both the estrogen that is freely circulating and the estrogen bound to proteins. Free estrogen, however, only includes the estrogen that is not bound to proteins and is available for the body to use. While total estrogen gives an overall picture, free estrogen is often more relevant for assessing certain health conditions, as it represents the active portion that the body can utilize.

What is the difference between free and total estrogen?

In the human body, three main types of estrogen each serve distinct roles. Estradiol, produced by the ovaries, is the most potent and prevalent in childbearing women, essential for reproductive health and bone maintenance. Estriol, important during pregnancy, is produced by the placenta and is the least potent. Postmenopausal women primarily have estrone, produced by the adrenal glands and fat tissues, playing a key role in estrogenic activity after menopause. These estrogens regulate functions like reproductive health and bone density, with their balance shifting during life stages like puberty, pregnancy, and menopause.

What different types of estrogens are there in the body?

<ul>
 <li>Hot flashes and night sweats</li>
 <li>Irregular or missed Periods</li>
 <li>Decreased fertility</li>
 <li>Vaginal dryness</li>
 <li>Mood swings or increased anxiety</li>
 <li>Loss of bone density</li>
 <li>Dry skin</li>
 <li>Decrease in breast fullness</li>
</ul>

Estrogen (estradiol)

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