Bacterias

Bacteroides spp. are a vital group of bacteria in the human gut microbiome, crucial for breaking down complex carbohydrates and producing short-chain fatty acids. These functions support colon health, help regulate the immune system, and protect against harmful pathogens.

Bifidobacterium is a key genus of beneficial bacteria that primarily inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in supporting digestion, enhancing immune function, producing essential vitamins, and combating harmful microbes. Maintaining a balanced level of Bifidobacterium is essential for a healthy gut microbiome.

Clostridium is a genus of bacteria that includes species naturally found in the human gut as well as others that can cause disease. These bacteria are known for their ability to form spores, which allows them to survive in harsh conditions. While some Clostridium species support gut health, others, such as Clostridium difficile, can lead to serious infections, especially after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut flora.

Enterobacter is a genus of bacteria commonly found in the human gut. Usually harmless, these bacteria are part of the natural gut flora and contribute to digestive health. However, an overgrowth of Enterobacter can indicate or cause health problems. Monitoring Enterobacter levels in stool can provide valuable insights into gut health and assist in diagnosing various conditions.

Enterococcus is a type of bacteria that naturally lives in the human intestines as part of the normal gut flora. It supports certain aspects of gut health, but an overgrowth in stool may indicate a microbial imbalance or possible infection, especially in people with weakened immune systems.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless and aid in digestion and vitamin production, certain types can cause foodborne illness and gastrointestinal infections.

Escherichia coli Biovare is a distinct subspecies of E. coli that is not usually abundant in a healthy human intestine. It includes various forms, such as hemolytic, mucoid, and lactose-negative types. Elevated levels—especially when accompanied by alkaline pH and low beneficial E. coli—may indicate weakened mucosal immunity, often associated with reduced secretory IgA production.

Hafnia is a genus of bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract and considered part of the normal gut flora. While generally harmless, its presence in stool may indicate changes in gut microbiota or suggest potential digestive imbalances.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that colonizes the stomach lining and is known for its role in gastrointestinal disorders. It is commonly linked to peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Its ability to survive in the stomach’s acidic environment makes it a significant factor in long-term digestive health.

IgG antibodies are produced later in the immune response and usually indicate past exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. They generally appear 2–3 weeks after the onset of infection and can remain detectable for months or even years. A positive IgG result does not necessarily mean there is an active infection but shows that the immune system has previously encountered the pathogen. When used alongside IgM testing, IgG helps distinguish between active, recent, and past infections.

IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an acute infection. When IgM against Mycoplasma pneumoniae is present, it typically indicates a recent or ongoing infection. These antibodies appear within 1–2 weeks of exposure and usually decline after a few months. Testing for IgM is useful in identifying the early phase of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, especially in symptomatic individuals.

Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria found in environments such as soil, water, and the human gut. Certain species, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, can cause serious infections in the lungs, bloodstream, urinary tract, and wounds. These bacteria are known for their resistance to many antibiotics, making them a major challenge in healthcare settings.

Lactobacillus is a beneficial bacterium commonly found in the gut and in certain fermented foods. It plays a crucial role in supporting digestive health, improving nutrient absorption, and maintaining a balanced immune system.

Proteus is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria commonly associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in people with long-term catheter use or weakened immune systems. They can also cause wound infections and, less commonly, respiratory infections. Proteus species are known for their resistance to multiple antibiotics, which can complicate treatment.

Pseudomonas in stool refers to the presence of bacteria from the Pseudomonas genus, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the gastrointestinal tract. While it is not usually a common resident of the gut, it can cause infection or overgrowth, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Its detection may indicate an imbalance in the gut microbiota or an underlying condition, particularly if gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

Serratia is a type of bacteria commonly found in the environment and sometimes in the human intestinal tract. While usually harmless in healthy individuals, its presence in stool may be concerning for those with certain health conditions. Detection in stool tests can indicate possible imbalances in gut flora or infections.

Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is a bacterium responsible for a range of infections, from mild skin conditions and strep throat to serious illnesses such as scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and necrotizing fasciitis. Detecting Group A Streptococcus is crucial for timely and accurate diagnosis, enabling prompt treatment to prevent complications.